Nice, located on the beautiful French Riviera, has a rich and diverse history that stretches back thousands of years. Its strategic position on the Mediterranean has made it a crossroads for cultures, trade, and empires throughout history. The city’s development is marked by ancient settlements, Roman influence, medieval struggles, and its eventual rise as a modern tourist destination.

• Nice’s history begins around 350 BCE when it was founded by Greek colonists from the city of Phocaea (in present-day Turkey).
• The Greeks named the settlement Nikaia after the goddess Nike, symbolizing victory. This likely commemorated a military triumph over a nearby Ligurian tribe.
• Nikaia was a small but significant trading outpost, strategically located on the Mediterranean coast to facilitate commerce.
• Before the Greeks, the region was inhabited by Ligurian tribes who lived in hilltop villages and engaged in fishing, agriculture, and trade.

• During the Roman conquest of the region in the 2nd century BCE, Nice became part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis.
• A neighboring Roman city, Cemenelum (modern-day Cimiez, a district of Nice), flourished as the regional capital.
  1. Cemenelum featured typical Roman amenities such as baths (Thermae), arenas, and villas, remnants of which can still be visited today.
• Nice (Nikaia) itself remained a modest settlement but benefited from Roman trade routes and proximity to Cemenelum.

Key Developments:

• Roman infrastructure expanded, including roads and ports that connected the region to other parts of Gaul and the Mediterranean.
• Christianity began spreading during the later Roman Empire, laying the foundation for future religious influence.

• After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, Nice and its surroundings faced invasions by various groups, including the Visigoths and the Lombards.
• By the 7th century, the region came under Frankish rule as part of the expanding Frankish Kingdom.
• Nice also faced repeated Saracen (Arab) invasions during the 8th and 9th centuries, leading to periods of instability.
• To defend against invasions, local rulers built fortifications, some of which would later evolve into medieval castles.

• During the 11th and 12th centuries, Nice became part of the County of Provence.
• In the 13th century, Nice aligned itself with the powerful Genoese Republic to resist domination by Provence and other rivals.
• Genoese influence brought economic growth through maritime trade, fishing, and the establishment of ports.

Key Events:

• The city was fortified with stronger walls to defend against pirates and rival states.
• Nice developed a reputation as a center for commerce along the Mediterranean.

• In 1388, Nice pledged allegiance to the House of Savoy. This marked the beginning of centuries of Savoyard rule, which would significantly influence the city’s identity.
• Nice became part of the Duchy of Savoy and later the Kingdom of Sardinia.
• During this period:
  1. The city’s economy flourished due to its strategic location as a trading port.
  2. The Old Town (Vieux Nice) began taking shape, characterized by narrow streets, colorful buildings, and bustling markets.
  3. Fortifications were further improved to protect against attacks from rival powers, such as France and Spain.

Key Conflicts:

• Nice was attacked multiple times by French troops, notably in 1543, when the combined forces of the Ottoman fleet and French King Francis I besieged the city.
• In 1691 and 1705, Nice fell briefly to French control but was returned to the Savoyards through treaties.

• During the 18th century, Nice’s importance as a commercial hub grew, but it continued to change hands due to geopolitical struggles.
• In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the French Army occupied Nice, and it was annexed to France in 1793.
  1. The city was renamed “Nice Marat” in honor of the revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat.
• After Napoleon’s defeat, Nice was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1814 under the Treaty of Paris.

• In 1860, Nice officially became part of France following a plebiscite, as part of a political agreement between France and Sardinia.
• The annexation brought major changes:
  1. Nice grew as a winter resort for wealthy British and Russian aristocrats who were attracted to its mild climate and scenic beauty.
  2. The Promenade des Anglais was established by wealthy English visitors, becoming an iconic landmark of the city.

Economic and Cultural Development:

• Railways were built, connecting Nice to other parts of France and Italy.
• The city expanded beyond its medieval Old Town, with the construction of Belle Époque architecture, grand hotels, and villas.

• During World War I and World War II, Nice played an important role as a refuge for civilians and soldiers.
• In WWII, the city fell under Italian occupation (1942) and later German occupation (1943) before being liberated in 1944.
• After the war, Nice rapidly modernized and emerged as a premier tourist destination.
• The city became a center for:
  1. Tourism, attracting visitors from around the world.
  2. Arts and culture, with contributions from artists like Henri Matisse and Marc Chagall, both of whom spent significant time in Nice.

• Today, Nice is the fifth-largest city in France and a key economic and cultural hub of the French Riviera.
• Its attractions include:
  1. The stunning Promenade des Anglais, a symbol of Nice’s elegance.
  2. Museums like the Matisse Museum and the Marc Chagall Museum.
  3. The picturesque Old Town (Vieux Nice) with its markets, restaurants, and historic landmarks.
• Nice also hosts major events, such as the annual Nice Carnival and numerous music and art festivals.
• In 2021, the Promenade des Anglais and the city’s architectural heritage earned recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Nice’s history is a testament to its resilience, cultural richness, and strategic importance. From its Greek origins to its Roman heritage, medieval struggles, and modern transformation into a world-class destination, Nice continues to captivate visitors with its unique blend of history, art, and Mediterranean charm.